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51   Tue Jul 9 14:45:04 2013 Emory BrownOpticsGeneralMeshing error when varying geometry

I tried removing the constraints and applied force and was able to get close to the same frequencies for the butterfly modes as the simple model.  By also removing the interior cylinder from our model I was able to restore the butterfly modes as well.  I can see why removing the constraints and forces would make a difference, but I don't understand how the interior region which was only used to aid in making the meshing in the central region more dense would have such a strong effect. With that removed as well, we get the following results using a finer mesh (plot attached):

ratioR  Lowest Drumhead mode (Hz) Lowest Butterfly mode (Hz) Any lower modes (Hz)

0.1 8777.8 7253.3 3059.7

0.3 5636.9 7264.7 4202.3

0.5 6068.5 7308.0 5980.9

0.75 7341.5 7183.0 no

1 8110.2 5951.3 no

1.1 7302.8 5308.8 no

1.3 5744.3 4087.9 no

This data is more in line with what we would expect, and indicates that the optimal region is probably between ratioR=0.6 and ratioR=0.8.  I will run the looping script we designed to map out how Umax changes when varying ratioR, particularly in this interesting region.

This line was used to generate the plot from data.

figure(1); plot(ratio,drum); hold on; plot(ratio,butterfly,'-rs'); plot(ratio(1:3),others,'g'); hleg1=legend('Drumhead','Butterfly','Other'); title('Eigenfrequencies of mode types for different ratioR values'); xlabel('ratioR'); ylabel('lowest eigenfrequency'); shg;

Quote:

 Quote: I attempted to run the Matlab code built last week, but received an error that the mesh failed to generate on the inner domain/failed to respect edge element on geometry edge.  The error occurred on the second computation with ratioR=0.2, but for ratioR=0.1 the simulation completed successfully.  I reproduced the error in COMSOL and noted that for meshes with size at least as course as "course" or extremely fine, a mesh could be constructed, but for sizes in between an error was returned.  This region of sizes which throw errors varies for different values of ratioR.  By specifying an edge selection of the central line running down the frustum and another along the top edge of the inner cylinder and meshing points on those edges first the rest of the meshing is forced to use those nodes as a seed. I also noted our COMSOL model had an error: ratioR was applied to the wrong face.  This was corrected as was the .m file. I added an eigenfrequency study and ran it for several values of ratioR, obtaining the following: ratioR Lowest Drumhead mode (Hz) Lowest Butterfly mode (Hz) 0.1 3624.8 3802.4 0.3 4375.9 3785.4 0.5 4366.5 3650.0 .75 3709.0 3041.85 1 3000 2186.3 1.1 2736.2 1893.0 1.3 2247.6 1426.4   The mirror's front face is 0.17 [m].  Its Gaussian beam size is 0.0156 [m].  Its height is given by 0.01734[m^3]/(R^2*(1+ratioR+ratioR^2)) such that when the two faces have the same radii it is 0.2 [m] long.

When we talked today, I thought that these frequencies were a little low, so I ran a really simple COMSOL model of a cylinder with radius 0.17 m and height 0.2 m (attached).

I solved for the first 10 modes (the first 6 being trivial), and the frequencies I got are listed below:

Mode #          Freq [Hz]          Type

7                      5950                 Butterfly

8                      5950                 Butterfly

10                   8226                 Shear

These are more in the frequency range that I expected.

**What material are you using? I used fused silica.

**I used 'finer' meshing. Perhaps your more complicated meshing is screwing with the solutions, although I'd expect it to make it stiffer, not softer.

**Are you applying force during the eigenvalue calculation? That might make it softer.

**Perhaps some of your constraints are moving the modes around. My model has zero constraints: it's just a cylinder floating in space.

52   Wed Jul 10 14:15:20 2013 Emory BrownOpticsGeneralComparison of Umax and the frequency of the lowest eigenmode against ratioR

I was able to run the looper program designed last week over the interval ratioR=[0.5, 0.9] with a step size of 0.01 and obtained the plot below with a minimal value of  Umax=1.4723e-10 J obtained for ratioR=0.71, which is about 3.2% less than the value of Umax=1.5202e-10 J when ratioR=1.  This is not very significant, but the shifting upward of the frequencies of the lowest eigenmodes as described in the previous post is.  Additionally, these curves both have their optimal points in the same region, with a ratioR value of about 0.7.

I also ran a higher resolution test to see how the frequency of the lowest real eigenmode responded to changes in ratioR over this region.  The plot generated is also attached with a maximal (most favorable) value of 7210.0 Hz at ratioR=0.74.

Data from both of these runs is included in the attached tarball stored as txt files delineated by tabs.

The next few things to try are substituting silicon for fused silica as the material in the model and seeing how the curves change and seeing the response from reversing the orientation of the optimal test mass (ratioR~0.72).  I expect that the orientation change will result in much higher noise and a lower minimal real eigenfrequency.

53   Wed Jul 10 17:52:18 2013 KojiGeneralGeneralHow to force time steps for a time dependent simulation

A common trap in COMSOL:

When you run a time series simulation, COMSOL tries to be "clever" by skipping some time steps
and returns you an interpolated result in order to accelerate the calculation.
But for certain types of applications, such as time series response analysis by applying periodic force/heat,
this "clever" adaptive algorithm messes up our calculation.

You can apply forced time steps by giving a specific option:
- Click "Time-Dependent Solver" in Model Builder
- You get bunch of options in Time-Dependent Solver pane.
Open "Time Stepping".
- Change "Method" from "Generalized alpha" to "BDF".
- Change "Steps taken by solver" to "Strict"

Then, you should be OK.

This can be done by

model.sol('sol1').feature('t1').set('tstepsbdf', 'strict');

in COMSOL with MATLAB. (Of course sol1 and t1 should be changed appropriately.)

54   Thu Jul 11 19:16:12 2013 Deep ChatterjeeGeneralGeneralTE noise problem - Matlab script

The present aim is the calculation of the TE noise like Liu and Thorne. Although, the results of Liu and Thorne are for the case of an infinite mirror, in our case, we try
to model a test mass with large dimensions in an attempt to get closer to the result due to Liu and Thorne

Following my previous post - The presents results given by the COMSOL simulations gave the same profile as Liu and Thorne's result which has a frequency dependence
of 1/omega^2 but was displaced from the analytic result by a constant factor which was dependent on the applied pressure on the face of the test mass which should not be
the case.

Following the steps followed Liu and Thorne, we had constructed the test mass as a cylinder, large compared to the beam spot size. An oscillating pressure was applied
to one of the faces and the from the temperature gradient generated in the process due to strains, one can calculate the work dissipated. The process involves integrating
the gradient of temperature over the entire geometry and taking the time avrage. However, this did not give the correct results, so it was decide to extract the Fourier coefficient
of the signal and perform the integration on it, as done in the case of TR niose by Koji Arai.

I mention the steps it was done -

> The data extracted was stored in a 3D array in matlab. using mphinterp - each dimension for r, z, t

> The number of radial slices and z slices is defined by the user previously

> For each r,z value there was a time signal.

> The fourier coefficient corresponding to the pressure oscillation frequency was extracted from the last three cycles
(In theory only one cycle should suffice)

> The above step was done so that random data( which is small in magnitude) generated by COMSOL is avoided.

> The fourier coefficients are stored in a 2D array corresponding to r and z values.

> The integration was performed using trapz twice once on each dimension to get the total volume integral

> The rest of the calculation is same as the previous script - plugging in the prefactors in the formulae and plotting

**The primary problem with this script is that the data extraction takes significant amount of time - For a mirror with 200 times the radius of the beam spot and 200 radial slices, it takes close to 6 minutes
to evaluate work dissipated for each frequency. The script solves for 16 frequency values. The results for small number of radial slices does not follow the straight line profile. For larger number of slices
the program takes a longer time. The results have not been checked yet.

55   Fri Jul 12 00:09:17 2013 Emory BrownOpticsGeneralAnalysis of substrate Brownian noise in a silicon test mass with changing ratioR value

I performed the same analysis we previously did on a test mass made of silicon (using the built-in silicon within COMSOL) and obtained the attached plots.  The plots show more of a difference between the two solutions optimal points than for fused silica, but they are still quite close.  All data is included in the attached tarball.  The values for ratioR=1 or a cylindrical test mass place the frequency of the lowest real eigenmode at 8491 Hz and the Umax value of  6.5484*10^-11 J.

56   Fri Jul 12 00:31:11 2013 Emory BrownOpticsGeneralReversed face mirror design

We had noticed that when we ran an eigenfrequency analysis, there was often a node (see attached screenshot) on the face opposite the applied force.  This indicated that the noise might be lowered by reversing the face the force was applied to, but it also seems like this would be equivalent to increasing the ratioR value and making the primary face smaller while retaining the mass of the test mass.  It seems worthwhile to see how the Umax values compare for a beam incident on either face of a test mass in the optimal region with Umax=0.71.  For the initial configuration, Umax=1.47228*10^-10 J and changing the side of the mirror the force is applied to we get Umax=1.47148*10^-10 J, which is about the same value.

57   Fri Jul 12 19:43:32 2013 Deep ChatterjeeGeneralGeneralTE noise problem - Matlab script

 Quote: The present aim is the calculation of the TE noise like Liu and Thorne. Although, the results of Liu and Thorne are for the case of an infinite mirror, in our case, we try to model a test mass with large dimensions in an attempt to get closer to the result due to Liu and Thorne Following my previous post - The presents results given by the COMSOL simulations gave the same profile as Liu and Thorne's result which has a frequency dependence of 1/omega^2 but was displaced from the analytic result by a constant factor which was dependent on the applied pressure on the face of the test mass which should not be the case. Following the steps followed Liu and Thorne, we had constructed the test mass as a cylinder, large compared to the beam spot size. An oscillating pressure was applied to one of the faces and the from the temperature gradient generated in the process due to strains, one can calculate the work dissipated. The process involves integrating the gradient of temperature over the entire geometry and taking the time avrage. However, this did not give the correct results, so it was decide to extract the Fourier coefficient of the signal and perform the integration on it, as done in the case of TR niose by Koji Arai. I mention the steps it was done - > The data extracted was stored in a 3D array in matlab. using mphinterp - each dimension for r, z, t > The number of radial slices and z slices is defined by the user previously > For each r,z value there was a time signal. > The fourier coefficient corresponding to the pressure oscillation frequency was extracted from the last three cycles (In theory only one cycle should suffice) > The above step was done so that random data( which is small in magnitude) generated by COMSOL is avoided. > The fourier coefficients are stored in a 2D array corresponding to r and z values. > The integration was performed using trapz twice once on each dimension to get the total volume integral > The rest of the calculation is same as the previous script - plugging in the prefactors in the formulae and plotting   **The primary problem with this script is that the data extraction takes significant amount of time - For a mirror with 200 times the radius of the beam spot and 200 radial slices, it takes close to 6 minutes to evaluate work dissipated for each frequency. The script solves for 16 frequency values. The results for small number of radial slices does not follow the straight line profile. For larger number of slices the program takes a longer time. The results have not been checked yet.

I am replying to report of the modification made to the script from the last one. The problem of too many radial and z slices have been avoided by using a slicing based on a gaussian
distribution both along the r and z directions - i.e. the slicing is heavy in the region around the surface is applied and much thinner towards the edges of the cylinder. The slicing has
been separately handled by a function named giveSlices() which does the slicing and returns the values as two arrays corresponding to r and z.
The extent to which the fineness of slicing is controlled in the geometry is by controlling the parameter SD in the code which is the standard deviation of the gaussian according to which
the slicing is controlled as being fine throughout or fine in the centre and thin with increasing r.

This method reduces the number of slices by almost 2 orders for significant large values of the dimensions of the test mass while it is expected to give similar results since slicing the
test mass finely at the edge is not required as the gradient of temperature almost falls to zero.

It is suspected that the long time of simulation is attributed to calling mphinterp() command a large number of times. In my next modification, it will be tried to use the command just once
followed by the proper data extraction from the output given by the command.

58   Sun Jul 14 15:13:46 2013 Deep ChatterjeeGeneralGeneralTE noise problem - Matlab script

Quote:

 Quote: The present aim is the calculation of the TE noise like Liu and Thorne. Although, the results of Liu and Thorne are for the case of an infinite mirror, in our case, we try to model a test mass with large dimensions in an attempt to get closer to the result due to Liu and Thorne Following my previous post - The presents results given by the COMSOL simulations gave the same profile as Liu and Thorne's result which has a frequency dependence of 1/omega^2 but was displaced from the analytic result by a constant factor which was dependent on the applied pressure on the face of the test mass which should not be the case. Following the steps followed Liu and Thorne, we had constructed the test mass as a cylinder, large compared to the beam spot size. An oscillating pressure was applied to one of the faces and the from the temperature gradient generated in the process due to strains, one can calculate the work dissipated. The process involves integrating the gradient of temperature over the entire geometry and taking the time avrage. However, this did not give the correct results, so it was decide to extract the Fourier coefficient of the signal and perform the integration on it, as done in the case of TR niose by Koji Arai. I mention the steps it was done - > The data extracted was stored in a 3D array in matlab. using mphinterp - each dimension for r, z, t > The number of radial slices and z slices is defined by the user previously > For each r,z value there was a time signal. > The fourier coefficient corresponding to the pressure oscillation frequency was extracted from the last three cycles (In theory only one cycle should suffice) > The above step was done so that random data( which is small in magnitude) generated by COMSOL is avoided. > The fourier coefficients are stored in a 2D array corresponding to r and z values. > The integration was performed using trapz twice once on each dimension to get the total volume integral > The rest of the calculation is same as the previous script - plugging in the prefactors in the formulae and plotting   **The primary problem with this script is that the data extraction takes significant amount of time - For a mirror with 200 times the radius of the beam spot and 200 radial slices, it takes close to 6 minutes to evaluate work dissipated for each frequency. The script solves for 16 frequency values. The results for small number of radial slices does not follow the straight line profile. For larger number of slices the program takes a longer time. The results have not been checked yet.

I am replying to report of the modification made to the script from the last one. The problem of too many radial and z slices have been avoided by using a slicing based on a gaussian
distribution both along the r and z directions - i.e. the slicing is heavy in the region around the surface is applied and much thinner towards the edges of the cylinder. The slicing has
been separately handled by a function named giveSlices() which does the slicing and returns the values as two arrays corresponding to r and z.
The extent to which the fineness of slicing is controlled in the geometry is by controlling the parameter SD in the code which is the standard deviation of the gaussian according to which
the slicing is controlled as being fine throughout or fine in the centre and thin with increasing r.

This method reduces the number of slices by almost 2 orders for significant large values of the dimensions of the test mass while it is expected to give similar results since slicing the
test mass finely at the edge is not required as the gradient of temperature almost falls to zero.

It is suspected that the long time of simulation is attributed to calling mphinterp() command a large number of times. In my next modification, it will be tried to use the command just once
followed by the proper data extraction from the output given by the command.

Following the previous reply regarding the use of mphinterp(), the appropriate changes in code were made. The overhead time due to the call to COMSOL was responsible for the longer
simulation time. Right now, for relatively large no. of total slices (about 27000) just the extraction of data happens within a few seconds. However, for the larger number of slices, the codes
will probably still take some time to complete. The codes are attached.

59   Mon Jul 15 13:14:30 2013 Emory BrownOpticsGeneralUmax curves for varying height test masses

I ran sweeps over the ratioR range from 0.5 to 0.9 for test masses with modified height, and thus mass, which were otherwise equivalent to our previous test mass.  The attached plot was generated and indicates that the optimal ratioR value for the test mass was shifted significantly, for the half mass test mass into lower frequency regions, and for the 10x mass test mass into higher frequency ranges.  I took the data collected from the half mass run and fit a polynomial of degree 2 to it in Matlab using the command p=polyfit(x,y,2) and obtained p=1.089*10^-10*x^2 - 1.024*10^-10*x +1.774*10^-10 which has a minimum value for ratioR=0.47.  This fits with the plot generated as it appears to be near its minumum value, but I should run the simulation more around this value to see if it fits the expected behaviour.  I also did this fitting for the 10x mass curve, but based on the greater variance in the curve over this region of ratioR values I don't expect the predicted minimum to be as accurate, so if we want to find it we will have to search that region of ratioR values. For the 10x mass test mass, p=4.459*10^-10*x^2 - 8.859*10^-10*x + 6.289*10^-10 which has a minimum of about 1.

I will run simulations in these regions overnight, and edit this post with the plots/results.

60   Mon Jul 15 16:05:29 2013 Deep ChatterjeeGeneralGeneralTE noise problem - Matlab script

Quote:

Quote:

 Quote: The present aim is the calculation of the TE noise like Liu and Thorne. Although, the results of Liu and Thorne are for the case of an infinite mirror, in our case, we try to model a test mass with large dimensions in an attempt to get closer to the result due to Liu and Thorne Following my previous post - The presents results given by the COMSOL simulations gave the same profile as Liu and Thorne's result which has a frequency dependence of 1/omega^2 but was displaced from the analytic result by a constant factor which was dependent on the applied pressure on the face of the test mass which should not be the case. Following the steps followed Liu and Thorne, we had constructed the test mass as a cylinder, large compared to the beam spot size. An oscillating pressure was applied to one of the faces and the from the temperature gradient generated in the process due to strains, one can calculate the work dissipated. The process involves integrating the gradient of temperature over the entire geometry and taking the time avrage. However, this did not give the correct results, so it was decide to extract the Fourier coefficient of the signal and perform the integration on it, as done in the case of TR niose by Koji Arai. I mention the steps it was done - > The data extracted was stored in a 3D array in matlab. using mphinterp - each dimension for r, z, t > The number of radial slices and z slices is defined by the user previously > For each r,z value there was a time signal. > The fourier coefficient corresponding to the pressure oscillation frequency was extracted from the last three cycles (In theory only one cycle should suffice) > The above step was done so that random data( which is small in magnitude) generated by COMSOL is avoided. > The fourier coefficients are stored in a 2D array corresponding to r and z values. > The integration was performed using trapz twice once on each dimension to get the total volume integral > The rest of the calculation is same as the previous script - plugging in the prefactors in the formulae and plotting   **The primary problem with this script is that the data extraction takes significant amount of time - For a mirror with 200 times the radius of the beam spot and 200 radial slices, it takes close to 6 minutes to evaluate work dissipated for each frequency. The script solves for 16 frequency values. The results for small number of radial slices does not follow the straight line profile. For larger number of slices the program takes a longer time. The results have not been checked yet.

I am replying to report of the modification made to the script from the last one. The problem of too many radial and z slices have been avoided by using a slicing based on a gaussian
distribution both along the r and z directions - i.e. the slicing is heavy in the region around the surface is applied and much thinner towards the edges of the cylinder. The slicing has
been separately handled by a function named giveSlices() which does the slicing and returns the values as two arrays corresponding to r and z.
The extent to which the fineness of slicing is controlled in the geometry is by controlling the parameter SD in the code which is the standard deviation of the gaussian according to which
the slicing is controlled as being fine throughout or fine in the centre and thin with increasing r.

This method reduces the number of slices by almost 2 orders for significant large values of the dimensions of the test mass while it is expected to give similar results since slicing the
test mass finely at the edge is not required as the gradient of temperature almost falls to zero.

It is suspected that the long time of simulation is attributed to calling mphinterp() command a large number of times. In my next modification, it will be tried to use the command just once
followed by the proper data extraction from the output given by the command.

Following the previous reply regarding the use of mphinterp(), the appropriate changes in code were made. The overhead time due to the call to COMSOL was responsible for the longer
simulation time. Right now, for relatively large no. of total slices (about 27000) just the extraction of data happens within a few seconds. However, for the larger number of slices, the codes
will probably still take some time to complete. The codes are attached.

The dependence of the Power Spectral Density on the parameters F0, which is the pressure amplitude, has been somewhat corrected for in the codes attached. The mistake lay in the fact that
extraction of the Fourier coefficients was being done for the ht.gradTmag, the Fourier coefficients of which are not the correct ones to be used in this case since ht.gradTmag is not the correct time signal.
In the present case the Fourier coefficients are extracted from the r and z components, squared and added to carry out the calculation. However, the results are still off from the L&T results by order of 5.
The codes and the plots are attached.

The red values are the L&T result while the blue sketch is the simulation

61   Tue Jul 23 18:26:04 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses.

The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other
geometries.

The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands
like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB.

Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time
are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne).

The errors expected are
> Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors

> The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off.

> The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz.

> It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In
fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent
in the log scale plots

The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

67   Tue Jul 23 20:53:37 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

66   Tue Jul 23 20:53:37 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

65   Tue Jul 23 20:53:37 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

64   Tue Jul 23 20:53:37 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

63   Tue Jul 23 20:53:37 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

62   Tue Jul 23 20:53:37 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

68   Tue Jul 23 20:53:45 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralComparison between Liu and Thorne Results and COMSOL results for TE noise

 Quote: In this post I report of the results of TE noise simulated by COMSOL for the TE noise of Infinite test masses. The aim was to follow the procedure by Liu and Thorne in their analytic calculations so that the same model could be used for the other geometries. The simulation is done in a different way than the TR simulations. It was observed that the output given by COMSOL by the use of commands like mphinterp() or taking an export resulted in certain discrepancies between the results computed in COMSOL and that read by MATLAB. Thus, the volume integration of the temperature gradient is performed in COMSOL itself and the results of the integration for each time are sent to files. Matlab read these values and time averages them to get the result as in the paper (Sec. 2 of Liu and Thorne). The errors expected are > Fourier analysis is not done at all. This would have involved exporting data which, as mentioned before is giving errors > The numerical errors by COMSOL are therefore not filtered off. > The plot differs from the analytic solution for larger frequencies over 3000 Hz. > It is to be noted from the paper by Liu and Thorne that the TE noise for the finite and infinite case are not very different. In fact the correction factor goes as O(1). Thus, differences between finite and inifinte cases are unlikely to be prominent in the log scale plots    The codes are put as a zip file. Corrections made to the codes will be uploaded as a reply.

Here is another plot with a mesh size slightly finer than the default Extra fine mesh in COMSOL.

One may notice that the value for the final frequency i.e. 10000Hz is different from the previous plot.
It maybe that the error for the higher frequencies is a result of the FEA. However, it may also be that
the appropriate boundary conditions required for an infinite model break down at high frequencies.

69   Wed Jul 24 21:08:24 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralTR results for different dimensions

In this post I simulate the procedure of calculating the TR noise for finite cavities as proposed by Heinert and check for a
match.

The technique of performing all necessary calculations in COMSOL and exporting the results was applied to the TR codes.
It was seen that the codes gives similar output as the technique of extraction of Fourier coefficients in place of time averaging
as has been done in the codes of Koji Arai. One can see the output as the present code runs to be similar to the previous ones
found in the SVN.

However, the results in the present case were off by a constant factor close to 100. This maybe due to some 'm' - 'cm' or similar difference between
analytic calculations and COMSOL values of parameters. Although, it has not been found yet, the correction is hopeful to be
found soon.

The codes give results similar to the analytic result for other values of the mirror radius and beam radii (apart from the constant
factor I have mentioned above). One may have a look at the trend of the graphs between analytic and simulated values in the plots
attached. These plots are for the case when the mirror radius = 25m while the beam radius = 9 cm i.e. the original radii were 0.25m
and 9cm respectively i.e. the ratio has been changed by a order of 2.

As mentioned before the reason for the constant factor difference will be looked into.

70   Thu Jul 25 11:36:17 2013 ranaOpticsGeneralTR results for different dimensions

PDF please instead of EPS or BMP or JFIF or TARGA or GIF or ascii art.

71   Thu Jul 25 13:21:46 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralTR results for different dimensions

 Quote: In this post I simulate the procedure of calculating the TR noise for finite cavities as proposed by Heinert and check for a match. The technique of performing all necessary calculations in COMSOL and exporting the results was applied to the TR codes. It was seen that the codes gives similar output as the technique of extraction of Fourier coefficients in place of time averaging as has been done in the codes of Koji Arai. One can see the output as the present code runs to be similar to the previous ones found in the SVN. However, the results in the present case were off by a constant factor close to 100. This maybe due to some 'm' - 'cm' or similar difference between analytic calculations and COMSOL values of parameters. Although, it has not been found yet, the correction is hopeful to be found soon. The codes give results similar to the analytic result for other values of the mirror radius and beam radii (apart from the constant factor I have mentioned above). One may have a look at the trend of the graphs between analytic and simulated values in the plots attached. These plots are for the case when the mirror radius = 25m while the beam radius = 9 cm i.e. the original radii were 0.25m and 9cm respectively i.e. the ratio has been changed by a order of 2. As mentioned before the reason for the constant factor difference will be looked into.

The discrepancy related to the difference between the analytic and COMSOL results has been partially addressed. Attached is another
plot showing the comparison. The ratio this time between the COMSOL results and the analytic results is between 0.7 - 0.8. This difference
will be looked into. It is, however, observed that the difference is not a constant factor - it has to do with the model file.

72   Thu Jul 25 15:54:58 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralTR results for different dimensions

Quote:

 Quote: In this post I simulate the procedure of calculating the TR noise for finite cavities as proposed by Heinert and check for a match. The technique of performing all necessary calculations in COMSOL and exporting the results was applied to the TR codes. It was seen that the codes gives similar output as the technique of extraction of Fourier coefficients in place of time averaging as has been done in the codes of Koji Arai. One can see the output as the present code runs to be similar to the previous ones found in the SVN. However, the results in the present case were off by a constant factor close to 100. This maybe due to some 'm' - 'cm' or similar difference between analytic calculations and COMSOL values of parameters. Although, it has not been found yet, the correction is hopeful to be found soon. The codes give results similar to the analytic result for other values of the mirror radius and beam radii (apart from the constant factor I have mentioned above). One may have a look at the trend of the graphs between analytic and simulated values in the plots attached. These plots are for the case when the mirror radius = 25m while the beam radius = 9 cm i.e. the original radii were 0.25m and 9cm respectively i.e. the ratio has been changed by a order of 2. As mentioned before the reason for the constant factor difference will be looked into.

The discrepancy related to the difference between the analytic and COMSOL results has been partially addressed. Attached is another
plot showing the comparison. The ratio this time between the COMSOL results and the analytic results is between 0.7 - 0.8. This difference
will be looked into. It is, however, observed that the difference is not a constant factor - it has to do with the model file.

The issue related to the difference between the analytic and simulated values has been resolved. The codes seems to give reasonable match
between the analytic and simulated case. There is, however, a difference between the formulas being used from the previous cases. Note that
the 1/2 in front of Eq.(15) of Heinert is a because the time average has already been considered. However, in the present codes, the volume
integral of grad_T is evaluated in COMSOL and exported as a function of time. It is then averaged in MATLAB. Thus the factor of 1/2 is to be
omitted in this case(see Liu and Thorne Eq.(5). The presence of this extra factor of 1/2 was giving error in the last upoaded plots. From the
relative difference plot, one can see the maximum difference between COMSOL and analytic results go upto 7% but for most of the graph
it is close to 1% which is a fair result.

73   Mon Jul 29 22:42:57 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralAvoiding transient solutions in the Computation of TE/TR noise

An error was being encountered in the computation of the TR noise lately. It was observed that while running the simulations in the case of the materials which have a lower value of the thermal diffusivity (silicon / sapphire at room temperature), the simulated result were slightly off from the analytic result. On the other hand, if the simulation was run with a material of higher diffusivity(same materials at lower temperature), the match would be better. The reason being the transient solution not dying off significantly during the period of the simulation. Since a time average was being taken of the quantity integral{grad_T ^2},  the transient contributed to the integral. To get the correct value, the fourier coefficient of the time signal of integral{grad_T ^2},  was extracted at twice the frequency of the pressure oscillation. The reason being that the signal was squared. Extracting the response at this frequency after the integration is logical since the integration is over space while the response we extract is over time.

The same procedure was also applied to the TE noise calculation. However, this time we obtained similar result as the case where this procedure was not applied but a simple time averaging was performed. The tail of the plot, at high frequency, is still seen to deviate from the analytic result of Liu and Thorne as was the case previously. A plot is attached showing the spectrum for Fused silica at 290K. The conclusion being that the transients do not affect the TE noise calculation - the plot stayed the same even after filtering them out. This is probably because unlike the TR case which has a heat source present along the cylinder axis, the TE noise calculation involves applying pressure only on the face of the cylinder, and the transient do not contribute much to the volume integral.

74   Wed Jul 31 15:39:11 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralFirst try with paramter optimization for TE and TR noise profiles

After the simulations have been found to match to a fair extent with the analytic results by Heinert and Liu and Thorne, the attempt is check out the parameters for which the TE and TR noise are
close to each other. This was done with the analytic results. The frequency range 10 - 1000 Hz was looked into. In between this range, the quantity that was minimized was the absolite value
of the logarithm of the ratio between the TR and TE noise. The fminsearch function was used to minimize the mentioned quantity. The parameters that were changed were - conductivity, thermo
optic coefficient and coefficient of linear expansion. The reason for choosing these three were -

> TR noise is independent of coefficient of linear expansion

> TE noise is independent of thermo optic coefficient

> The power law dependence on conductivity is different for the TE and TR cases as can be seen from the analytic expressions

once the code returned the optimized parameters, these values were plugged in and the results were plotted.

**Note that the minimization was done for frequencies between 10 to 1000 Hz

75   Thu Aug 8 17:17:19 2013 Deep ChatterjeeOpticsGeneralSomething like cancellation

For the material parameters of Sapphire at 300K, the TE and TR Noise profiles, though not very close, lie close to within an order of magnitude. Sapphire has a positive coefficient of linear expansion. We just inverted the sign of this quantity
and the ran the codes that puts heat and pressure simultaneously to the test mass. The total noise looks to be lower than the TR noise which is greater.

Mirror height 0.46[m]

If we have physical parameters which make the two Noise sources come closer to each other and then flip the sign of alpha, we may be able to see some noise reduction to a greater extent.

76   Mon Sep 16 10:07:32 2013 EvanGeneralConfigurationCOMSOL 4.3 on the OS X command line

If you're running Matlab scripts that iterate over simulation parameters (à la Tara), you might find it useful to be able to run everything from the command line (instead of launching the "Comsol with Matlab" GUI application).

First, the comsol command wasn't in my path, so I symlinked it to someplace where bash could find it:

ln -s /Applications/COMSOL43a/bin/comsol /opt/local/bin/comsol

I then started Comsol/Matlab using a slight modification of the commands given in the Comsol 4.3 help file "Running A COMSOL M-file In Batch Mode Without Display":

comsol server > server_log.txt &

matlab -nodesktop -nosplash -r "run /Applications/COMSOL43a/mli/mphstart; comsol_script; exit"

The first command starts the Comsol server in the background and cats its output into a log file. The second command launches Matlab, runs the initialization script which makes Matlab aware of Comsol, runs my Comsol/Matlab script (comsol_script.m), and then exits.

77   Wed Nov 13 23:55:44 2013 Chris CousteOpticsAnalysisOptical Mount Vibrational Analysis

Project: Vibrational Analysis of Optical Mounts

Goal: Use COMSOL to run finite element analysis on simplified models of different types of optical mounts available to us, in order to find which shape/style/material reacts the least to external sound pollution. Once the few best candidates have been identified, develop test to experimentally determine optimal mount configuration and material.

Part 1: FEM

Process: Simultaneously build models in SolidWorks and design analysis in COMSOL

Solidworks: base/shaft models based on measurements of actual optical mounts, optic holder models matching mass and moment of inertia from downloaded models from their manufacturers. ~Progress: base/shaft done, optic holders almost done.

COMSOL: Design analysis that first does a general eigenfrequency analysis to find general vicinity of modes, then does a full modal frequency analysis. ~Progress: finished, ready for models to be imported.

78   Mon Nov 18 15:56:59 2013 Chris CousteOpticsAnalysisRepresentative Models

The simpler models of the optical mounts are finished, they will be run through the comsol analysis software soon.

see pictures below:

79   Fri Nov 22 21:04:53 2013 Chris CousteOpticsAnalysisanalysis

The analysis is making nice eigenmode and stress mode models, but the displacement experiment needs work. Should be fixed by monday.

80   Fri Jan 24 17:26:38 2014 Chris CoustéOpticsAnalysisMount Analysis Functional!

The comsol eigenmode analysis is complete, and the only thing left to do on this part of the project is to run the analysis on a range of different configurations of optical mounts as well as a range of materials. This compilation will be posted on this elog in the next few weeks, due to the fairly long runtime of the analysis software.

81   Sun Feb 16 21:10:56 2014 Chris CoustéOpticsAnalysisOptical Mount data compilation 1: Aluminum

The time is finally here! this is the highest displacement of each mount in its lowest few eigenfrequencies, using 6061 Aluminum as a material. pictures will be added in a future log, because I'm going to make them into one file. Other materials will also be tested to see if there is variance in these findings, but only relevant data will be posted.

tl;dr findings: thick-open is the best combination because it has less displacement in eigenmodes and its eigenmodes are all very high/spread apart in frequency.

long:

(key) Eigenfrequency (Hz), highest displacement (mm), direction

Thin base, open mount:

315, 8.07, leaning back (laser will angle up)

316, 7.94, leaning to the side (laser won't change direction if the optic is flat, i.e. point of contact moves along surface of optic)

924, 10.50, twist to the side (laser will angle to the side)

1949, 8.89, twist about optic, slight lean forward (point of contact will move slightly, laser may angle down)

2144, 10.47, another leaning forward mode

thin base, open mount:

322, 13.29, leaning forward and translating to the side

328, 13.36, same as above

994, 17.66, twisting to the side (laser will angle to the side)

1943, 13.86, intense leaning forward

thick base, closed mount:

1329, 13.23, leaning back

1347, 13.32, leaning back and to the side

3577, 15.46, twisting to the side

thick base, open mount:

1326, 9.69, leaning to the side

1335, 9.77, leaning back

3504, 13.88, twisting to the side

------

All of these frequencies were checked for all four models, and the max displacements in those cases ranged from 100 picometers to 10 femtometers, so it's pretty reasonable to base decisions off of the displacements at the eigenmodes.

Based on this, it seems that for both thick and thin, open is the best, considering it displaces significantly less than closed (which is reasonable because there is less mass at the top to be thrown around). The choice between thick and thin depends on what frequencies we believe the mounts will be subjected to. If we are probably not going to have much sound at frequencies above 1000Hz, then thick is the better option (which is nice because it is the stock stalk instead of the custom made one). However, if there will be plenty of high noise, the thick is still probably the better option because it has fewer eigenmodes in the same range of frequencies.

here's a sample of two pictures of the relevant eigenmodes of the winner.

82   Thu Apr 17 16:52:09 2014 EvanGeneralCharacterizationInterpreting logfiles and picking a solver

Here are two entries by Walter Frei on the Comsol blog that I've found useful.

Solving Linear Static Finite Element Models: Tells you how to interpret all those numbers that Comsol dumps into its logfiles.

Solutions to Linear Systems of Equations: Direct and Iterative Solvers: Explains a bit more about Comsol's solvers. Apparently, PARDISO is usually fast and SPOOLES is usually slow (the tradeoff is apparently that SPOOLES uses less memory). I've found this to be personally true with at least one model I've worked with.

83   Sun Jun 22 23:44:56 2014 Sam MooreOptics Going through Heinert's 'TR noise of cylindrical test masses' paper

At this point, my are goals are to 1) convert the time-dependent heat equation into stationary, complex form, 2) use the Levin approach to calculate the TR noise given this stationary PDE, and 3) verify the results in COMSOL

I have looked at the Heinert paper and converted the time-dependent partial differential Heat equation to a stationary, complex one.  I did this by assuming a temperature distribution of the form T(\vec{r},t) = T_0 ( \vec{r} ) e^{i \omega t }, where  \omega is the frequency of oscillation of the input heat field: q( \vec{r} , t) = q( \vec{r} ) e^{i \omega t}.  Hence, I am assuming the steady-state solution of the temperature field.  From this ansatz, the PDE becomes

C_p T(\vec{r}) + \frac{ i \kappa}{ \omega }  \nabla^2 T ( \vec{r} ) = q ( \vec{ r} ).

This complex conversion already seems to have been done in the paper, since the stationary solution of the form

T(r, z) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \sum_{m = 0}^{ \infty} T_{n m} J_0 (k_n r) \cos ( \ell_m z) is assumed.

k_n and \ell_m are obtained from the adiabatic boundary conditions.  Moreover, if I plug this form for T(r, z) into the stationary PDE, I get Heinert's eq. 12. ( although I'm not quite sure how to take the second derivative of a zeroth-order bessel function).

I've started to try out the cylindrical geometry in COMSOL, using the structural mechanics and heat transfer modules.  At this point, I'm not quite sure how to specify the PDE that I'm interested in, nor am I sure about how to specify the boundary conditions.

84   Mon Jun 23 11:40:17 2014 Sam MooreOptics Going through Heinert's 'TR noise of cylindrical test masses' paper

 Quote: At this point, my are goals are to 1) convert the time-dependent heat equation into stationary, complex form, 2) use the Levin approach to calculate the TR noise given this stationary PDE, and 3) verify the results in COMSOL  I have looked at the Heinert paper and converted the time-dependent partial differential Heat equation to a stationary, complex one.  I did this by assuming a temperature distribution of the form T(\vec{r},t) = T_0 ( \vec{r} ) e^{i \omega t }, where  \omega is the frequency of oscillation of the input heat field: q( \vec{r} , t) = q( \vec{r} ) e^{i \omega t}.  Hence, I am assuming the steady-state solution of the temperature field.  From this ansatz, the PDE becomes C_p T(\vec{r}) + \frac{ i \kappa}{ \omega }  \nabla^2 T ( \vec{r} ) = q ( \vec{ r} ).   This complex conversion already seems to have been done in the paper, since the stationary solution of the form T(r, z) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \sum_{m = 0}^{ \infty} T_{n m} J_0 (k_n r) \cos ( \ell_m z) is assumed. k_n and \ell_m are obtained from the adiabatic boundary conditions.  Moreover, if I plug this form for T(r, z) into the stationary PDE, I get Heinert's eq. 12. ( although I'm not quite sure how to take the second derivative of a zeroth-order bessel function).   I've started to try out the cylindrical geometry in COMSOL, using the structural mechanics and heat transfer modules.  At this point, I'm not quite sure how to specify the PDE that I'm interested in, nor am I sure about how to specify the boundary conditions.

I carried out the calculations for Heinert's simple model in greater detail and was able to obtain equation 12 (with the exception of a plus sign instead of a minus sign in the denominator; I guess the Fourier transform method gives a minus sign.  In the end, that doesn't matter, since the modulus square yields the same result in the denominator.)  I obtained the same spectral density S_z (\omega), with the exception of a missing factor of R^2.  I don't know where this R^2 went, or why it is that the spectral density is associated with the extrinsic variable z (instead of r, say).  It's supposed to be a "homogeneous [noise] readout along the z direction."

85   Mon Jun 23 16:10:17 2014 Matt A.Optics Going through Heinert's 'TR noise of cylindrical test masses' paper

 Quote: At this point, my are goals are to 1) convert the time-dependent heat equation into stationary, complex form, 2) use the Levin approach to calculate the TR noise given this stationary PDE, and 3) verify the results in COMSOL  I have looked at the Heinert paper and converted the time-dependent partial differential Heat equation to a stationary, complex one.  I did this by assuming a temperature distribution of the form T(\vec{r},t) = T_0 ( \vec{r} ) e^{i \omega t }, where  \omega is the frequency of oscillation of the input heat field: q( \vec{r} , t) = q( \vec{r} ) e^{i \omega t}.  Hence, I am assuming the steady-state solution of the temperature field.  From this ansatz, the PDE becomes C_p T(\vec{r}) + \frac{ i \kappa}{ \omega }  \nabla^2 T ( \vec{r} ) = q ( \vec{ r} ).   This complex conversion already seems to have been done in the paper, since the stationary solution of the form T(r, z) = \sum_{n = 0}^{\infty} \sum_{m = 0}^{ \infty} T_{n m} J_0 (k_n r) \cos ( \ell_m z) is assumed. k_n and \ell_m are obtained from the adiabatic boundary conditions.  Moreover, if I plug this form for T(r, z) into the stationary PDE, I get Heinert's eq. 12. ( although I'm not quite sure how to take the second derivative of a zeroth-order bessel function).   I've started to try out the cylindrical geometry in COMSOL, using the structural mechanics and heat transfer modules.  At this point, I'm not quite sure how to specify the PDE that I'm interested in, nor am I sure about how to specify the boundary conditions.

Hi Sam,

I know it seems a bit distracting, but it's sometimes nice to write up your elog entries in a more readable form. I've re-edited your comments to make them more easily read.

I used http://www.sciweavers.org/free-online-latex-equation-editor to convert your latex to png files for easy reading.

At this point, my are goals are to:

1) convert the time-dependent heat equation into stationary, complex form,
2) use the Levin approach to calculate the TR noise given this stationary PDE, and
3) verify the results in COMSOL

I have looked at the Heinert paper and converted the time-dependent partial differential Heat equation to a stationary, complex one.
I did this by assuming a temperature distribution of the form:

where ω is the frequency of oscillation of the input heat field:

Hence, I am assuming the steady-state solution of the temperature field.

From this ansatz, the PDE becomes:

This complex conversion already seems to have been done in the paper, since the stationary solution of the form:

is assumed. kn and ℓm are obtained from the adiabatic boundary conditions.
Moreover, if I plug this form for T(r, z) into the stationary PDE, I get Heinert's eq. 12.
( although I'm not quite sure how to take the second derivative of a zeroth-order bessel function).

I've started to try out the cylindrical geometry in COMSOL, using the structural mechanics and heat transfer modules.
At this point, I'm not quite sure how to specify the PDE that I'm interested in, nor am I sure about how to specify the boundary conditions.
86   Tue Jun 24 14:35:42 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralTrying to Verify the Heinert Model
87   Tue Jun 24 17:05:24 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralTrying to Verify the Heinert Model

It does appear that the simplified model is only relevant for the simulations.  To quote Heinert: "An efficient computation is only possible for the simple model, as the advanced model would require an element of size more than 106 ."  I have run Koji's code that replicates Heinert's figure 3.  I have attached the resulting temperature distribution and noise amplitude curve.  In the noise amplitude curve, the red line is the analytical result, while the dots are from COMSOL.

The next step is to convert this code to an efficient complex time-independent solution.  As stated before, my main concern here is whether COMSOL actually solves the right equation in the stationary case.

88   Sat Jun 28 21:59:11 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralDifficulty with the COMSOL stationary module; Test Cases

Here, I describe some test cases to see if COMSOL's solutions are agreeing with some simple analytical solutions.  Right now, I have two plots showing COMSOL's solution and my analytical solution on separate plots.  I will be plotting there difference to see if they really match up.

89   Sun Jun 29 15:37:18 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralDifficulty with the COMSOL stationary module; Test Cases

 Quote: Here, I describe some test cases to see if COMSOL's solutions are agreeing with some simple analytical solutions.  Right now, I have two plots showing COMSOL's solution and my analytical solution on separate plots.  I will be plotting there difference to see if they really match up.

The following document shows the relative difference between these two plots.

90   Sun Jun 29 20:25:44 2014 KojiOpticsGeneralDifficulty with the COMSOL stationary module; Test Cases

Consider a bar with the length of L.

Let's say there is no body heat applied, but the temperature of the bar at x=L is kept at T=0
and at x=0 is kept at T=T0 Exp[I w t].

The equation for the bar is

...(1)

Consider the solution with the form of T(x, t) = T(x) T0 Exp(I w t), where T(x) is the position dependent transfer function.
T(x) is a complex function.

Eq.1 is modified with T(x) as

With the boundary condition of

This can be analytically solved in the following form

where alpha is defined by

So kappa/Cp is the characteristic (angular) frequency of the system.
Here is the example plot for L=1 and alpha = 1 (red), 10 (yellow green), 100 (turquoise), 1000 (blue)

If the oscillation is slow enough, the temperature decay length is longer than the bar length and thus the temperature is linear to the position.
If the oscillation is fast, the decay length is significantly shorter  than the bar length and the temperature dependence on the position is exponential.

Now what we need is to solve this in COMSOL

91   Sat Jul 5 13:04:32 2014 Sam MooreOptics Heinert Model TR Noise Verification

Agreement with Heinert's paper for cylindrical TR noise has now been achieved.  Using the stationary state assumption to calculate the temperature profile, the computation time was reduced compared to the previous time-dependent approach. Here are the plots showing the agreement.  I have shown the plots for a 1D axisymmetric model, in addition to a full 3D model in COMSOL.  Both give the same result.

What went wrong?  In the 1D axisymmetric case, it turns out that COMSOL has the incorrect cylindrical coordinate Laplacian for the coefficient form PDE interface.  I corrected for this by expanding the Laplacian with the product rule, giving an extra -kappa/r ''convection coefficient'' in the PDE interface.  Meanwhile, the 3D case worked from the beginning, since its Laplacian was in cartesian coordinates.

The next goal is to use a stationary state method to calculate TE noise for a test case.
92   Mon Jul 7 19:47:00 2014 KojiOptics Heinert Model TR Noise Verification

How close are these FEA calculations with the analytical values?
Can you plot residual too? (Put analytical values, 1D, abs(1D - analytical), 3D, and abs(3D - analytical) all together.)

93   Thu Jul 10 16:51:14 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralDuan and Heinert Comparison

(See Plots in attached document)

My plan has been to replicate Duan's numerical thermoconductive (TE + TR) phase noise plot presented in his paper (section V).  I am trying to match Duan's analytical expression with Heinert's analytical expression.  This requires some rescaling of Heinert's TR displacement noise. (I also needed to divide Heinert's expression by 4 pi to match the Fourier Transform convention. )   Duan's analytical expression for the phase noise is obtained by evaluating the triple integral given in equation 13 of the Duan paper "General Treatment of Thermal Noise in Optical Fibers".

It turns out that an additional factor of 2 multiplies the phase noise because Duan's Fourier Transform only takes into account positive frequencies; there are also negative frequencies that occur in equal amplitude.
This integral was evaluated in Mathematica due to numerical noise in MATLAB's calculation.  The calculation in Mathematica was very slow, so the upper limits on the integral were truncated.  The following plots in the attached document show the resulting noise profile agreements for two different upper limits.

If the residual for the highest upper limit is considered acceptable for a match between the two plots, then I will use Heinert's plot as a reference when using the COMSOL steady-state method for Duan's numerical case (Heinert's plot runs much faster).
94   Fri Jul 11 10:58:18 2014 not KojiOptics Heinert Model TR Noise Verification

 Quote: How close are these FEA calculations with the analytical values? Can you plot residual too? (Put analytical values, 1D, abs(1D - analytical), 3D, and abs(3D - analytical) all together.)

Here are the plots with their fractional residuals: abs(S_COMSOL - S_analytical)/S_analytical

95   Mon Jul 14 19:09:14 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralUsing Heinert's Solution for Duan's Parameters

I have plotted Heinert's analytical solution for TR noise using Duan's parameters.  Since TO and TE noise can be found by simply rescaling TR noise, these have been included in the plot as well.  The solid curve represents the analytical solution, while the tick marks represent COMSOL's solution.  I have used COMSOL for both a 1D axisymmetric and a 3D model.  Since Duan's cylinder has a radius of 125 microns, but a length of 1 m, the meshing was difficult for the 3D model.  I ended up shortening the length of the cylinder, converting to the actual length when finally calculating the thermal noise.

96   Mon Jul 14 19:14:31 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralDuan and Heinert Comparison

 Quote: (See Plots in attached document)   My plan has been to replicate Duan's numerical thermoconductive (TE + TR) phase noise plot presented in his paper (section V).  I am trying to match Duan's analytical expression with Heinert's analytical expression.  This requires some rescaling of Heinert's TR displacement noise. (I also needed to divide Heinert's expression by 4 pi to match the Fourier Transform convention. )   Duan's analytical expression for the phase noise is obtained by evaluating the triple integral given in equation 13 of the Duan paper "General Treatment of Thermal Noise in Optical Fibers". It turns out that an additional factor of 2 multiplies the phase noise because Duan's Fourier Transform only takes into account positive frequencies; there are also negative frequencies that occur in equal amplitude.   This integral was evaluated in Mathematica due to numerical noise in MATLAB's calculation.  The calculation in Mathematica was very slow, so the upper limits on the integral were truncated.  The following plots in the attached document show the resulting noise profile agreements for two different upper limits.   If the residual for the highest upper limit is considered acceptable for a match between the two plots, then I will use Heinert's plot as a reference when using the COMSOL steady-state method for Duan's numerical case (Heinert's plot runs much faster).

I have now plotted the Duan-Heinert comparison for the case of an infinite upper bound.  It turns out that the curves differ by a maximum of 10 percent for low frequencies.  Such a discrepancy has been attributed to lack of experimental investigation into this regime (according to Duan). For our purposes, such a discrepancy is acceptable. We will therefore use the Heinert curve for subsequent calculations due to its faster computation time.

97   Thu Jul 31 20:55:38 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralFinding the Right Meshing for the TIR cavity

In this document, I try to identify I good mesh by comparing the numerical solution from that mesh with my analytical model.  Since there are problems with carrying out the analytical calculation, it is still not entirely clear which mesh should be used.

98   Sat Aug 2 00:22:34 2014 Sam MooreOpticsGeneralFinding the Right Meshing for the TIR cavity

 Quote: In this document, I try to identify I good mesh by comparing the numerical solution from that mesh with my analytical model.  Since there are problems with carrying out the analytical calculation, it is still not entirely clear which mesh should be used.

I have refined the analytical calculation procedure, as outlined in this new document.  The procedure indicates that the discrepancy between the analytical and numerical solutions are more likely attributed to meshing inaccuracies.

99   Tue Sep 30 11:30:27 2014 Nic, Dmass, EvanGeneralConfigurationGravity in Comsol

Here is a set of slides by Yoichi Aso on how to handle gravity in Comsol.

100   Sat Sep 5 15:04:43 2015 Dennis CoyneMechanicsConfigurationsummary of FEA modal model to State Space model

At the 2014 commissioning workshop, I presented a summary of my efforts in converting finite element modal models into state space models:

https://dcc.ligo.org/LIGO-G1400099

I also provided the attached written summary for a report on the workshop that Aidan Brooks and Gabriele Vajente are preparing.

ELOG V3.1.3-