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ID Date Author Type Category Subject
3904   Fri Nov 12 02:51:20 2010 KevinUpdateElectronicsPhotodiode Testing

[Jenne and Kevin]

I started testing the REFL55 photodiode. With a light bulb, I saw ~270 mV of DC voltage from the photodiode but still could not see any RF signal. I connected the RF out from the spectrum analyzer to the test input and verified that the circuit was working.

I then set up the AM laser and looked at the laser light with REFL11 and an 1811 photodiode. I was able to see an RF signal and verified that the resonant frequency is 55 MHz.

The current setup is not very reliable because the laser is not mounted rigidly. Next, I will work on making this mounting more reliable and will continue to work on finding an RF signal with a flashlight.

3911   Fri Nov 12 20:40:51 2010 josephb, yuta, valeraConfigurationElectronicsAA voltage range

We changed the range of the two SUS AA boards in the corner from +/-2 V to +/-10 V by changing the supply voltage from +/-5 V to +/-15 V. The change was made by switching the AA power feed wires on  the cross connect. The max supply according to the spec of DRV134/INA134 is +/-18 V.

We checked the new range by applying the voltage to the input of AA and measuring the output going to the ADCs. The local damping MC1,2,3 appears to work.

3913   Sat Nov 13 16:57:21 2010 valeraConfigurationElectronicsPRM Side OSEM transimpedance change

Now that we have increased the range of the AA to +/- 10 V I have increased the PRM side OSEM transimpedance from 29 kV/A to 161 kV/A by changing the R64 in the satellite box. The first attached plot shows the ADC input spectrum before and after the change with analog whitening turned off. The PD voltage readback went up from 0.75 to 4.2 V. The second attached plot shows the sensor, ADC, and projected shot noise with analog whitening turned on and compensated digitally. The ADC calibration is 20 V/ 32768 cts. The PRM damping loops are currently disabled.

I checked for oscillation by looking at the monitor point at the whitening board. There was no obvious oscillation on a scope - the signal was 20 mV p-p on 1 us scale which was very similar to the LL channel.

Attachment 2: PRM-SD-Current.pdf
3916   Sun Nov 14 16:26:31 2010 jenne, valeraUpdateElectronicsSRM side OSEM noise with no magnet

We realized that the SRM sensors are connected to the readout but just sitting on the BS in vacuum table with no magnets and therefore no shadows in them. We swapped the inputs to the SRM and PRM satellite boxes to use the higher transimpedance gain of the PRM side sensor. The attached plot shows the current spectrum in this configuration. The PD readback voltage was 9.5 V. Since this is close to the rail we put a slightly higher voltage into the AA of this channel to test that we can read out more ADC counts to make sure we are not saturating. The margin was 15800 vs 15400 counts with p-p of 5 counts on the dataviewer 1 second trend. We returned all cables to nominal configuration.

The calibration from A to m is 59 uA/1 mm.

Attachment 1: SRM-SD-Current-NoMagnet.pdf
3918   Mon Nov 15 04:57:10 2010 ranaUpdateElectronicsSRM side OSEM noise with no magnet

IF I believe this calibration and IF I believe that the noise is the same with no magnet in there, then its almost 1 nm/rHz @ 1 Hz.

I am guessing that Jenne's calculation will show that this is an unacceptably high level of OSEM sensor noise, OAF-wise.

3933   Tue Nov 16 15:32:18 2010 valeraUpdateElectronicsOSEM noise at the output of the satellite box

I measured the SRM OSEM (no magnets at the moment) noise out of the satellite box with a SRS785 spectrum analyzer. I inserted a break out board into the cable going from the satellite box to the whitening board. The transimpedances of the SRM OSEMs are still 29.2 kOhm. The DC voltages out of the SRM satellite box are about 1.7 V. The signal was AC coupled using SR560 with two poles at 0.03 Hz and a gain of 10.

The noise is consistent with the one measured by the ADC except for the 3 Hz peak which does not show up in the ADC spectrum from Sunday. The peak appears in several channels I looked at. The instrument noise floor was measured by terminating the SR560 with 50 Ohm.

I recommend to change all OSEM transimpedance gains from 29 to 161 kV/A. Beyond this gain one will rail the AA filter module when the magnet is fully out of the OSEM.

The OSEM noise at 1 Hz is about factor of 10 above the shot noise. The damping loops impress this noise on the optics around the pendulum resonance frequency. Also the total contribution to the MC cavity length is sqrt(12) time the single sensor as there are 12 OSEMs contributing to MC length. The ADC noise is currently close but never the less not limiting the OSEM noise below 100 Hz. It can be further reduced by getting an extra factor of 2-3 in whitening gain above ~0.3 Hz. The rms of the ADC input of the modified PRM SD (R64 = 161 kOhm) channel is 10-20 cts during the day with damping loop off and whitening on.

The transimpedance amplifier LT1125CS is also not supposed to be limiting the noise. At 1 Hz the 1/f part of the noise: In<1pA/rtHz and Vn<20nV/rtHz.

Attachment 1: osemnoise.pdf
3944   Thu Nov 18 01:52:58 2010 KevinUpdateElectronicsREFL55 Transfer Functions

I measured the optical and electrical transfer functions for REFL55 and calculated the RF transimpedance. To measure the optical transfer function, I used the light from an AM laser to simultaneously measure the transfer functions of REFL55 and a New Focus 1611 photodiode. I combined these two transfer functions to get the RF transimpedance for REFL55. I also measured the electrical transfer function by putting the RF signal from the network analyzer in the test input of the photodiode.

I put all of the plots on the wiki at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/REFL55.

3949   Thu Nov 18 16:42:29 2010 Joonho LeeConfigurationElectronicsQuad Video for PMCT, RCT, RCR fixed.

The far right monitor in the control room is now displaying IMCR, PMCT, RCR, RCT.

Please note that top left quad is displying PMCT even if the screen is labeled with PMCR.

Control room monitor #13 - #16 had been out of order since the last week.

(the monitor number is shown at : http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/VideoMUX )

I found that the connections between camera and the cable to the VIDEO MUX were missing so I connected them.

Initially, PMCT camera was sending its signal to the small monitor on the PSL table.

I splitted the signal so that one signal is going to the small monitor and another is going to the VIDEO MUX.

The "PMCR" is shown on the screen #13 in the control room but it actually showing PMCT camera's signal.

This is a temporary VIDEO configuration. It will be upgraded as well when the whole VIDEO will be upgraded.

3950   Thu Nov 18 17:42:20 2010 Joonho LeeSummaryElectronicsCCD cables.

I finished the direct measurement of cable impedances.

Moreover, I wrote the cable replacement plan.

The reason I am checking the cables is for replacing the cables with impedance of 50 or 52 ohm by those with impedance of 75 ohm.

After I figures out which cable has not proper impedance, I will make new cables and substitute them in order to match the impedance, which would lead to better VIDEO signal.

Moreover, as Koji suggested, the VIDEO system will be upgraded for better interface.

I measured the cable impedance by checking the reflection ratio at the point connected to the terminator with 50 ohm or 75 ohm.

The orange colored cables are measured to be 75ohm so we do not need to replace them.

Combining the list of cable types and the list of desired length,

I need to make total 37 cables and to remove 10 cables from the current connection.

Detailed plan is attached below.

I currently ordered additional cables and BNC plugs.

From now on, I will keep making CCD cables for VIDEO upgrade.

Then, with your helps, we will replace the CCD cables.

In my opinion, I will finish VIDEO upgrade by this year.

3952   Fri Nov 19 03:43:33 2010 KevinUpdateElectronicsREFL55 Characterizations

[Koji, Rana, and Kevin]

I have been trying to measure the shot noise of REFL55 by shining a light bulb on the photodiode and measuring the noise with a spectrum analyzer. The measured dark noise of REFL55 is 35 nV/rtHz. I have been able to get 4 mA of DC current on the photodiode but have not been able to see any shot noise.

I previously measured the RF transimpedance of REFL55 by simultaneously measuring the transfer functions of REFL55 and a new focus 1611 photodiode with light from an AM laser. By combining these two transfer functions I calculated that the RF transimpedance at 55 MHz is ~ 200 ohms. With this transimpedance the shot noise at 4 mA is only ~ 7 nV/rtHz and would not be detectable above the dark noise.

The value of 200 ohms for the transimpedance seems low but it agrees with Alberto's previous measurements. By modeling the photodiode circuit as an RLC circuit at resonance with the approximate values of REFL55 (a photodiode capacitance of 100 pF and resistance of 10 ohms and an inductance of 40 nH), I calculated that the transimpedance should be ~ 230 ohms at 55 MHz. Doing the same analysis for the values of REFL11 shows that the transimpedance at 11 MHz should be ~ 2100 ohms. A more careful analysis should include the notch filters but this should be approximately correct at resonance and suggests that the 200 ohm measurement is correct for the current REFL55 circuit.

3955   Fri Nov 19 15:51:50 2010 KojiUpdateElectronicsREFL55 Characterizations

RF Transimpedance of 200Ohm means the residual impedance at the resonance (R_res) of 40,
if you consider the amplifier gain (G_amp) of 10 and the voltage division by the 50Ohm termination,
this corresponds to the thermal noise level of Sqrt(4 kB T R_res)*G_amp/2 = 4nV/rtHz at the analyzer, while you observed 35nV/rtHz.

35nV/rtHz corresponds to 7nV/rtHz for the input noise of the preamp. That sounds too big if you consider the voltage noise of opamp MAX4107 that is 0.75nV/rtHz.

What is the measurement noise level of the RF analyzer?

 Quote: [Koji, Rana, and Kevin] I have been trying to measure the shot noise of REFL55 by shining a light bulb on the photodiode and measuring the noise with a spectrum analyzer. The measured dark noise of REFL55 is 35 nV/rtHz. I have been able to get 4 mA of DC current on the photodiode but have not been able to see any shot noise. I previously measured the RF transimpedance of REFL55 by simultaneously measuring the transfer functions of REFL55 and a new focus 1611 photodiode with light from an AM laser. By combining these two transfer functions I calculated that the RF transimpedance at 55 MHz is ~ 200 ohms. With this transimpedance the shot noise at 4 mA is only ~ 7 nV/rtHz and would not be detectable above the dark noise. The value of 200 ohms for the transimpedance seems low but it agrees with Alberto's previous measurements. By modeling the photodiode circuit as an RLC circuit at resonance with the approximate values of REFL55 (a photodiode capacitance of 100 pF and resistance of 10 ohms and an inductance of 40 nH), I calculated that the transimpedance should be ~ 230 ohms at 55 MHz. Doing the same analysis for the values of REFL11 shows that the transimpedance at 11 MHz should be ~ 2100 ohms. A more careful analysis should include the notch filters but this should be approximately correct at resonance and suggests that the 200 ohm measurement is correct for the current REFL55 circuit.

3971   Tue Nov 23 01:27:33 2010 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOX Characterizations

I measured the RF transimpedance of the POX photodiode by measuring the optical transfer function with the AM laser and by measuring the shot noise with a light bulb. The plots of these measurements are at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POX.

I measured the noise of the photodiode at 11 MHz for different light intensities using an Agilent 4395a. The noise of a 50 ohm resistor as measured by this spectrum analyzer is 10.6 nV/rtHz. I fit this noise data to the shot noise formula to find the RF transimpedance at 11 MHz to be (2.42 ± 0.08) kΩ. The RF transimpedance at 11 MHz as measured by the transfer function is 6.4 kΩ.

3976   Tue Nov 23 11:32:03 2010 JoonhoSummaryElectronicsRF distribution unit.

The last time(Friday) I made an arrangement for RF distribution unit.

I am making RF distribution unit for RF upgrade which is designed by Alberto.

To reduce a noise from loose connection,

I tried to make the number of hard connect as much as possible while reducing the number of connection via wire.

This is why I put splitters right next to the front pannel so that the connection between pannel plugs and splitters could be made of hard joints.

I attached the arrangement that I made on the last Friday.

Next time, I will drill the teflon(the supporting plate) for assembly.

Any suggestion would be really appreciated.

Attachment 1: Frequency_Distribution_Unit_Arrangement.jpg
4010   Fri Dec 3 15:56:50 2010 Joonho, Jenne.SummaryElectronicsRF distribution unit plan

The last time(Moonday) Jenne and I worked on the RF distribution unit's structure.

We are making RF distribution unit for RF upgrade which is designed by Alberto.

Rana, Koji, Jenne suggested a better design for RF Distribution unit.

So Jenne and I gathered information of parts and decided what parts will be used with specific numbers.

Specific circuit is shown in the attached picture.

Any suggestion would be really appreciated.

Attachment 1: RFsystem_plant_VISIO2.png
4034   Thu Dec 9 01:54:15 2010 JenneUpdateElectronicsSome Refl 11 fixes

The Backstory:

Kevin was working on characterizing all of our RF photodiodes for the upgrade, and he discovered that REFL11 didn't work, as described in elog 3890.  Rana was working on fixing it, but then he went off to Japan.

Today's Activities:

I visually inspected the components inside the RF cage on the REFL 11 circuit board inside the PD.  Most of them were okay, but the connection between L5 and C33 (the big tunable inductor and the next capacitor in the path) was totally flaky.  the leg of the inductor had been soldered directly to the trace on the PCB, and the inductor was a little bit tipped over, and pulling the trace off the board.  I wiggled it a little while trying to see what was going on, and the trace broke.  Since there is nothing going on between L5 and C33, just the trace, I used a piece of resistor lead to attach the two.  The connection now seems very robust.  I'm a little worried about the connection between the inductor and the board on the other side, but I can't see it since it's under the inductor itself.

Also, the soldering of L4 (a standard surface mount component type body) to the board seemed totally shoddy.  I was desoldering the first side, and the whole inductor popped off.  It was clear that the inductor was making a physical connection to the board, but not a nice solid electrical connection.  So I resoldered it on.  (On Alberto's schematics, it is listed as a 633nH inductor.  I can't find any of this value, so I just put the same one back on.  The best I could do to confirm the component was still okay was measure its resistance, and compare that to a similar inductor of a similar value.  It seemed okay.)

After that I powered up the PD, and took an electrical transfer function, just to have a look-see.  It seems kind of okay, although the resonance seems to be closer to 13MHz than 11MHz.

Since we would like to remove the capacitor that is in parallel with the diode itself, which will then change all of the resonant conditions on other components, I didn't worry too much about the resonant peak for tonight.  We're going to have to look in on this though.

Also, I'm leaving the optical check-out for Kevin, so he will let us know if I magically fixed the PD, or if it needs some more work.

Photos of the circuit board (mostly Alberto's mods) before and after I fitzed with it are on Picasa

The Future:

More testing. Probably more fixing.

4048   Mon Dec 13 21:03:30 2010 KevinUpdateElectronicsRF Photodiode Characterizations

[Koji, Jenne, Kevin]

Jenne worked on fixing REFL11 last week (see elog 4034) and was able to measure an electrical transfer function. Today, I tried to measure an optical transfer function but REFL11 is still not responding to any optical input. I tried shining both the laser and a flashlight on the PD but could not get any DC voltage.

I also completed the characterizations of POX. I redid the optical transfer function and shot noise measurements. I also took a time series of the RF output from the PD when it was powered on with no light. This measurement shows oscillations at about 225 MHz. I also measured the spectrum with no light which also shows the oscillations at 225 MHz and smaller oscillations at ~455 MHz.

The plots can be found at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POX?action=show.

4051   Tue Dec 14 04:14:53 2010 ranaUpdateElectronicsRF Photodiode Characterizations

This is looking better, but the fit data for the TF should be plotted along with the data. The data should be made up of points and the fit a line.

For the fit, we should have the Q of the main resonance as well as the peak height of the main resonance and the values of the gain at the notch frequencies.

Also the peak as well as the notches should have the frequencies fit for and labeled. In principle, you can make the plot on the wiki have all of the data. Then in the end we can print the plot in a small size and glue it to the PD's backside.

4164   Mon Jan 17 20:13:38 2011 ranaUpdateElectronicsPOX_11 Optical TF

I used 50 mA to drive the laser diode. The light is split 50/50 between the DUT (Device Under Test) and the New Focus 1611 (1 GHz BW) diode used as the reference.

This measurement is the TF of DUT/(New Focus). The resonances are there, but clearly there's an issue with instability around 200 MHz. The setup is still powered up, so please be careful around the RFPD testing table (don't stomp around yank the cables out of the power supplies).

I looked at the RF Photodiode wiki that Alberto has started - most of the TF features are replicated there. Todo:

* Update the 'schematic' with a real schematic instead of the cartoon.

* Change the circuit to remove the resistor in the RF path.

* Add compensation to avoid the 200 MHz instability.

* Make sure to include opamp current noise in the noise model (it is the dominant noise source but has been left out in the noise estimation plot).

* Make the output into a true 50 Ohms.

Attachment 1: A.TIF
4167   Wed Jan 19 04:25:54 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOX Transfer Functions

I redid the optical POX transfer functions and updated the wiki at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POX.

I measured each transfer function several times to calculate uncertainties for each measured point. There is one large transfer function from 1 MHz to 500 MHz showing a resonance peak at 11 MHz and notches at 22 MHz and 55 MHz. I also made more detailed measurements around each of these resonance peaks. These measurements were fit to a resonance curve to determine the resonant frequency, transimpedance at resonance, and Q for each peak. These measurements agree with the shot noise measurement for the transimpedance at 11 MHz taken earlier considering that this measurement was made at 11 MHz instead of at the resonant frequency of 11.14 MHz.

I measured these transfer functions with the Agilent 4395a using the netgpib.py script last week. I realized that when using this script to save multiple copies of the same measurement after setting up the instrument, the first and second measurements are saved but all measurements saved after are identical to the second measurement until the instrument is physically reset. This happens because the analyzer switches the trigger from continuous to hold after making a measurement using this script. Kiwamu said that the script can be modified to return the trigger to continuous after saving the data so that multiple measurements can be saved without being at the analyzer physically. I did not want to waste more time figuring out how to modify the script to do this so I used one of the netbooks and sat at the analyzer manually returning the trigger to continuous after each measurement.

4169   Wed Jan 19 10:45:00 2011 KojiUpdateElectronicsPOX Transfer Functions

TF looks fine except for the large peak at around 200MHz which has been reported by Rana. The time series and the spectrum without the light are pathetic...

I still prefer to see the fit by LISO as the pole/zero fitting of LISO as the fit result is more physically understandable.

I guess Idc of 24mA would be just a mistake. It looks like ~0.2mA from the plot that sounds normal for the transimpedance of 2kOhm.

Question: What is the HWHM of the reesonance when you have f0 and Q.

4170   Wed Jan 19 17:00:23 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOX Transfer Functions

The value of I_dc was a mistake. The value should be 240 µA.

The widths of the resonance peaks are listed below the fits to each peak on the wiki.

4172   Thu Jan 20 01:50:30 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOX Transfer Functions

[Koji, Kevin]

We fit the entire POX optical transfer function from 1 MHz to 500 MHz in LISO. The fit is on the wiki at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POX. Using LISO's root fitting mode, we found that the transfer function has five poles and four zeros.

I will work on making plots of the residuals. This is difficult because by default, LISO does not calculate the fitting function at the frequencies of the data points themselves and I haven't figured out how to force it to do this yet.

4210   Thu Jan 27 03:24:56 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOY Optical Transfer Function

[Rana and Kevin]

I measured the optical transfer function of POY and fit the data using LISO. The fit can be found at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POY. POY was missing the RF cage and back cover so I took those parts from AS55 in order to make these measurements.

POY does not have the unwanted oscillations at 225 MHz that POX has. Attachment 1 shows the transfer functions of POX and POY.

To measure the transfer functions, I used a 50/50 beam splitter to send half the light from an AM laser to POY and half the light to a New Focus 1611 reference photodiode. The transfer function for POY was measured as the transfer function of the signal from POY divided by the signal from the 1611. When I was measuring the transfer function for POX, I failed to ensure that the photodiodes were operating linearly. Before making the measurements for POY, I varied the RF power modulating the AM laser and recorded the magnitude of the transfer function at the 11 MHz peak. Attachment 2 shows these values. The measurements for POY were made in the linear region at an RF power of -10 dBm. The measurements for POX were made at 0 dBm and were most likely not in the linear region for POX.

Attachment 1: tf_pox_poy.png
Attachment 2: linearity.png
4242   Thu Feb 3 01:46:54 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOY Shot Noise and Dark Spectrum

[Koji and Kevin]

I measured the shot noise of POY and fit the data to determine the RF transimpedance at 11 MHz and the dark current. The transimpedance is (3.860 +- 0.006) kΩ. I realize that there are not many data points past the dark current but I did not want to take any further data because the light bulb was getting pretty bright. If this is a problem, I can try to redo the measurement using a lens to try to focus more of the light from the bulb onto the photodiode.

I also measured the spectrum and recorded a time series of the RF signal with the light to the photodiode blocked. These measurements do not show any large oscillations like the ones found for POX.

The plots of the measurements are on the wiki at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POY.

4243   Thu Feb 3 04:43:58 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsAdded two new DAQ channels

[Suresh, Joe]

We added the following two new DAQ channels into the c1:GCV model.  The daq:analog input channels are on card ADC0 and correspond to channels 3 and 4 on the card.

c1:GCV-EXT_REF_OUT_DAQ   Sampling rate=2kHz  acquiring a 1Hz sine wave from the SRS Function Generator DS345.  This is using the Rb 10MHz signal as an external frequency reference.

c1:GCV-PLL_OUT_DAQ    Sa.rate=2kHz acquiring the demodulated signal from the PLL servo.

This work is connected to the study of VCO PLL loop noise at frequencies below 0.1Hz.    We are trying to measure phase noise in the VCO PLL servo at low frequencies as this noise would result in arm length fluctuations in the green-locking scheme.

4244   Thu Feb 3 11:13:52 2011 KojiUpdateElectronicsPOY Shot Noise and Dark Spectrum

I wonder why POY11 has the dark noise level of 90nV/rtHz that is 5 times larger than that of POX (18nV/rtHz)
even though the Q are the same (~15) and the transimpedance is better (3.9k instead of 2k).

What cause this high noise level?
What is the expected dark noise level?

 Quote: [Koji and Kevin] I measured the shot noise of POY and fit the data to determine the RF transimpedance at 11 MHz and the dark current. The transimpedance is (3.860 +- 0.006) kΩ. I realize that there are not many data points past the dark current but I did not want to take any further data because the light bulb was getting pretty bright. If this is a problem, I can try to redo the measurement using a lens to try to focus more of the light from the bulb onto the photodiode. I also measured the spectrum and recorded a time series of the RF signal with the light to the photodiode blocked. These measurements do not show any large oscillations like the ones found for POX. The plots of the measurements are on the wiki at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POY.

4254   Sat Feb 5 23:03:04 2011 rana, kojiSummaryElectronicsAnalog Frequency Discriminator: splitter + mixer + long cable

This diagram shows the setup of the analog Mixer-Frequency Discriminator (MFD).

The idea is similar to the one of the Schnupp Asymmetry for our Michelson interferometers. The signal from the PD (or any signal source for which you want to know the frequency) is split into two legs; one leg is much longer than the other. The two legs are recombined at a mixer/demodulator. The demodulator output varies sinusoidally with the phase difference of two legs, the same as when we try to measure the phase noise of an oscillator, for example. This is the same concept as the digital frequency discriminator that Aidan and Joe put into the GFD FE system recently.

With a ~1m cable length asymmetry, we get 180 deg of phase shift for a ~100 MHz signal (recall that the speed of light in most of our cables is ~2 x 10^8 m/s). The mixer gives a linear output at 50 MHz (and 150 MHz, 250 MHz, etc.).

This single mixer based setup is fine for most everything we do. In order to get even more resolution, one can just use 2 mixers by splitting the signal with a 4-way instead of 2-way mixer. One setup can have a 0.5-1 m asymmetry to have a large range. The other can have a ~10-30m asymmetry to get a comb of linear readouts.

Typically, we will have some kind of weak signal at the photodiode and will use a 20 or 40 dB gain RF amp to get the signal into the mixer. In this case, the mixer output noise will be at the level of tens of nV/rHz. Any usual low noise audio amplifier (SR560 variety) will be enough to read out the signal.

Why the 50 Ohm terminator? If you look at the specs of the BLP-1.9 filter from Mini-Circuits (its the same for almost all of their LP filters) you see that there's ~90 dB of attenuation above ~30 MHz (where our signals 2*f product will show up). If we use an RF input signal of ~0 dBm, this means that we get a high frequency product of -95 dBm (~10 uVrms) which is OK. But the return loss is 0 dB above 5 MHz - this means that all of the high frequency content is reflected back into the mixer! The 50 Ohm terminator is there to absorb the RF signals coming out of the mixer so as to prevent them from going back into the mixer and mixing with the RF/LO signals. The 50 Ohm terminator does attenuate the DC/audio frequency signals we get out of the mixer by a factor of two, but that's OK since we are not limited by the mixer's thermal noise.

Noise Measurement:

To checkout the noise, we used a 6m RG-58 cable in one leg. We used the DS345 signal generator for the source. We adjusted the frequency to (~21 MHz) give a ~zero mean signal at the demod output. The 6m cable makes the demod output's peak-peak swing correspond to ~16 MHz. We then used an SR560, DC coupled, G=1000, low-noise, 2pole low pass at 1 kHz, to get the signal into the ADC.

The attached plot shows the noise. We have caibrated the digital gain in the channel to make the output into units of Hz. The high frequency noise floor is ~0.3 Hz/rHz and the 1/f knee is at 10 Hz. This setup is already good enough for all of the green locking work at the 40m. In order to make this useful for the reference cavity work or the gyro, we will have to use a longer cable and a lower noise audio amplifier.

As can be seen from the plot, the ADC noise is below the measured noise. The noise of the SR560 with the input terminated is shown in grey - the measured noise of the MFD is very close to this. In order to improve the performance, the next step should be to use a longer cable. There's clearly going to be some trade-off between the temperature dependent effects which come with long cables (dphi/dT gets bigger) and trying to use a high gain ~1 nV/rHz amplfier at the mixer output.

Temperature Drift of the long cable:

This 24-hour minute-trend shows the frequency wander as well as the room temperature. This is not proof of a temperature dependence, but if it is then we get ~3 kHz/deg for the sensitivity. If this is actually the cable and not the amplifier, then we'll have to hunt for a lower tempco cable and put it in a box to isolate it.

Attachment 1: mixer.pdf
4255   Sun Feb 6 02:29:28 2011 ranaUpdateElectronicsAnalog MFD: longer cable

I swapped over to a 3x longer cable (old 65 ft. Pasternak cable from ancient 40m days). The old one was 6m, the new one is 18.2 m. It was already coiled up so I put it into a tupperware box to shield it somewhat from the HVAC wind.

The noise went down nearly proportional to the length (after I recalibrated the DAQ channel for the ~3x higher phase->voltage gain). With this length, the peak-peak mixer range is 5.5 MHz, so still enough to go an FSR here.

I give credit to the low frequency improvement entirely to Tupperware for their excellent containers. The current noise limit is most likely the SR560.

4272   Fri Feb 11 00:20:58 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsREFL11: Photodiode requires replacement

This is with reference to Kevin and Jenne's elogs  # 3890, 4034 and 4048

While the electronics are working okay, there is no DC signal from the photodiode.

Since the solderings and tracks on the PCB were fine I took a close look at the exposed front face of the photodiode.

As we can see, one of the thin wires on the top surface of the photodiode is broken.  We can see some wipe marks closer to the lower left edge..

Something seems to have brushed across the exposed face of the photodiode and dislodged the wire.

Question:

The new photodiode still has its protective can intact.   Do we need to remove the can and expose the photodiode before istallation?

4275   Sat Feb 12 08:08:05 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsREFL11 Photodiode replaced

A new photodiode ( Perkin and Elmer Model no. C30642GH Sl No.1526) has been installed in the place of the old photodiode.  The datasheet of this model is attached.

The 68pF capacitor which was present in parallel with the photodiode has been removed.  Here is a picture of the PCB ( in all its gory detail!) and the photodiode after replacement.

I also checked to see if we have a DC output from the new PD.  With 375mW of 1064nm light incident we have 15mV of output.  Which matches well with the typical Reponsivity of 0.8V/A reported in the datasheet and our REFL11 ckt .  The schematic of the ckt is also attached here for easy reference.  The various factors are

V_dc = 0.375 mW x 0.8 V/A x 10 Ohm x 5 = 15mV

The last factor is the gain of the last stage on the DC route.

When I reassembled the box I noticed that there is problem with the SMA connectors popping out of the box.  The holes seem misplaced so I enlarged the holes to remove this concern.

Attachment 1: C30642_datasheet-1.pdf
4276   Sat Feb 12 23:22:21 2011 ranaUpdateElectronicsREFL11 Photodiode replaced

375 mW is way too much light. We must never put more than 100 mW on any of these diodes. We don't want to blow up more diodes like we did with the WFS. The InGaAs diodes often show an excess dark noise before they finally let go and completely fail. This one may show excess during the shot noise testing.

We should ensure that the beam paths are engineered so that none of these new detectors ever sees such high light levels.

The DC path should be made to let us see a 10V from the differential EPICS readout when there is 100 mA of photocurrent (i.e. an effective 100 Ohms transimpedance):

0.1 A  * 10 V/A * 5 V/V * 2V/V

The last factor of 2 is from the single to differential conversion.

If we really only get 15 mV from 375 mW, then this diode or the circuit is broken.

4277   Sun Feb 13 02:33:37 2011 KojiUpdateElectronicsREFL11 Photodiode replaced

Suresh is saying 375mW and 0.375mW. Let's wait for his update of the actual power.

Also he is not using EPICS, there may be the factor of two missing for now.

 Quote: I also checked to see if we have a DC output from the new PD.  With 375mW of 1064nm light incident we have 15mV of output.  Which matches well with the typical Reponsivity of 0.8V/A reported in the datasheet and our REFL11 ckt .  The schematic of the ckt is also attached here for easy reference.  The various factors are V_dc = 0.375 mW x 0.8 V/A x 10 Ohm x 5 = 15mV

4279   Sun Feb 13 16:20:53 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsREFL11 Photodiode replaced

It is 0.375 mW as in the calculation.  The total diode output is just 1mW and it is divided with a 50/50 beam splitter...  There are a couple of lenses along the way which may account for the ~12% loss.

I used a handheld multimeter to measure the output.

4281   Mon Feb 14 00:39:21 2011 rana, sureshUpdateElectronicsVCO Frequency Noise Measurement with the MFD

We hooked up the VCO Driver output to the MFD. We adjusted the levels with attenuators to match up to the Level 7 mixer that's being used.

The mixer the input to the SR560 is going in to the XARM_COARSE_OUT channel and the SR560 (AC coupled, Low Noise, G=1000, LP@1kHz) 600 Ohm output goes into XARM_FINE_OUT.

We calibrated these channels by putting in a 10 mVpp sine wave at 0.22 Hz into the Wideband Input of the VCO Driver box (which has been calibrated to have 1.75 MHz/V for f < 1.6 Hz). This should correspond to 17.5 kHz_pp.

To increase the sensitivity, we also added a 140 ft. BNC cable to the setup. We also added some extra short cable to make the overall phase shift be ~90 deg and zero out the mixer output.

I used the time series data in DTT to then calibrate the channels by changing the GAIN field in their filter modules. So now the DAQ channels are both calibrated as 1 count/Hz.

4284   Mon Feb 14 07:37:13 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsRF Generation Box: capacitors across power lines

There were several parts in this box which did not have shunting capacitors across their input power lines.  Only the four RF amps (ZHL-2) had them.

I soldered two capacitors (100 microF electrolytic and 150pF dipped mica) across the power supply lines of each of the following units:  11MHz oscillator, 29.5 MHz oscillator,  Wenzel 5x frequency multiplier and the 12x RF amplifier (ZHL-1HAD).

It was quite difficult to reach the power inputs of these units as some of them were very close to the inner walls of the box.  To access them I undid the front panel and found that there were several very taut RF cables which prevented me from moving the front panel even a little.

I had to undo some of the RF cables and swap them around till I found a solution in which all of them had some slack.  At the end I checked to make sure that the wiring is in accordance with the schematic present here.

4315   Thu Feb 17 14:17:27 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsRF Distribution box and REFL11

The Distribution box is several steps nearer to completion.

1) Soldered capacitors and DC power lines for four units of the distribution box.

2) mounted all the components in their respective places.

3) Tomorrow we prepare the RF cables and that is the last step of the mechanical assembly.

4) we plan to test both the generator and distributon parts together.

REFL 11

[Kevin, Suresh]

Kevin took a transfer function of the newly assembled PD and noticed that the frequency has shifted to 14.99  freom 11. MHz.

We needed to find the current RLC combination.  So we  removed the ferrite core from L5 rendiring it to its aircore value of  0.96/muH. We then used this to find the Capacitance of the PD (117pF)

We  used this value to compute the inductance required to achieve 11.065MHz  which turned out to be 1.75microH.

This was not reachable with the current L5 which is of the type  143-20J12L (nominal H=1.4 micro Henry).

We therefore changed the inductor to SLOT 10 -3-03. It is a ferrite core, shielded inductor with a plasitc sleeve. Its nomial valie is 1.75 microH

We then tested the DC output to see if here is a response to light. There was nonel. l

The problem was traced to the new inductor.  Surprisingly the inductor coil had lost contact with the pins.

I then replacd the inductor and checked again.  The elecronics seems to work okay..   but there is a very small signal 0.8mV for 500microW.

There seems to be still something wrong with the PD or its electronics.

4318   Thu Feb 17 23:11:40 2011 ranaUpdateElectronicsVCO Frequency Noise Measurement with the MFD

This is the 140 ft. MFD measurement of the VCO phase noise. It is open loop and so should be a good measurement. The RMS is 30 Hz integrated down to 2 mHz.

I don't know why this doesn't agree with Suresh's measurements of the same thing which uses the PLL feedback method.

In BLUE, I also plot the frequency noise measured by using a Stanford DS345 30 MHz func. generator. I think that this is actually the noise of the FD (i.e. the SR560 preamp) and not the DS345. Mainly, it just tells you that the PINK VCO noise measurement is a real measurement.

I calibrated it by putting in a 5 kHz_pp triangle wave on the sweep of the DS345 and counting the counts in DV.

Attachment 1: vco.png
4328   Fri Feb 18 20:17:07 2011 JoonhoSummaryElectronicsIsolation of Voltage regulator

Today I was working on RF distribution box.

So far I almost finished to electronically isolate voltage regulators from the box wall by inserting mica sheet, sleeve, and washers.

The problem I found is the resistance between wall and the voltage regulator is order of M ohms

I checked my isolation (mica sheet and sleeve and washer) but there is no problem there.

But I found that the power switch is not completely isolated from the wall.( around 800 kohm)

and that the resistance between the regulator and the wall is smaller for the regulator closer to the power switch

and greater for the regulator less closer to it.

So I think we need to put washer or sleeve to isolate the powersitch electronically from the box wall.

Suresh or I will fix this problem

[ To Suresh, I can finish the isolation when I come tomorrow. Or you can proceed to finish isolation.]

4329   Sat Feb 19 01:58:20 2011 ranaSummaryElectronicsLow Noise BJT Pre-Amp

Frank put his low noise preamp info here.

I suggest that we build these (using Altium) but replace the cheapo transistors with the high class MAT03 matched BJT pair from Analog Devices.

This will allow us to have a pre-amp better matched to the noise of the mixers down to low frequency.

4330   Sat Feb 19 05:25:20 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsRF: Distribution box

Most of the RF cables required for the box are done.   There are two remaining and we will attend to these tonight.

We expect to have finished the mechanical assembly by Sunday and start a quality test on Monday.

4336   Tue Feb 22 00:41:34 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsRF Distribution box: assembly completed

The mechanical assembly of RF distribution box is 99% complete.  Some of the components may be bolted to the teflon base plate if needed.

All RF cables and DC voltage supply lines have been installed and tested.  I removed the terminal block which was acting as a distribution box for the common zero voltage line.  Instead I have used the threaded holes in the body of each voltage regulator.   This allows us to keep the supply lines twisted right up to the regulator and keeps the wiring neater.  The three regulator bodies have been wired together to provide a common zero potential point.

I did a preliminary test to see if everything is functioning. All units are functioning well.  The output power levels may need to be adjusted by changing the attenuators.

The 2x frequency multiplier outputs are not neat sine waves.  They seem to produce some harmonics, unlike the rest of the components.

I will post the measured power output at each point tomorrow.  The RF power meter could not be found in the 40m lab.  We suspect that it has found its way back to the PSL lab.

4337   Tue Feb 22 11:53:38 2011 steveUpdateElectronicsRF Distribution box: assembly completed

 Quote: The mechanical assembly of RF distribution box is 99% complete.  Some of the components may be bolted to the teflon base plate if needed.  All RF cables and DC voltage supply lines have been installed and tested.  I removed the terminal block which was acting as a distribution box for the common zero voltage line.  Instead I have used the threaded holes in the body of each voltage regulator.   This allows us to keep the supply lines twisted right up to the regulator and keeps the wiring neater.  The three regulator bodies have been wired together to provide a common zero potential point.  I did a preliminary test to see if everything is functioning. All units are functioning well.  The output power levels may need to be adjusted by changing the attenuators.  The 2x frequency multiplier outputs are not neat sine waves.  They seem to produce some harmonics, unlike the rest of the components. I will post the measured power output at each point tomorrow.  The RF power meter could not be found in the 40m lab.  We suspect that it has found its way back to the PSL lab.

http://www.timesmicrowave.com/wireless/index.shtml

Frank is recommending these PhaseTrack-210 as phase stable low loss rf coax cables.

4342   Wed Feb 23 08:53:58 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsRF Distribution box: Output power levels

We wish to have roughly 2 dBm of output power on each line coming out of the RF distribution box.  So I adjusted the attenuators inside the box to get this.

I also looked at why the 2x output looked so distorted and found that the input power was around 17 dBm whereas the maximum allowed (as per the datasheet of Minicircuits MK-2) is 15dBm.  So I increased the attentuation on its input line to 5dBm (up by 2dBm)  The input power levels are around 14.6dBm now  and the distortion has come down considerably.  However the net output on the 2x lines is now down to 0.7dBm.  We will have to amplify this if we need more power.

The schematic and the power output are now like this:

4347   Thu Feb 24 00:54:33 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsCalculated Dark Noise for POX and POY

[Kevin, Rana, Koji]

I calculated the dark noise of POX and POY due to Johnson noise and voltage and current noise from the MAX4107 op-amp using nominal values for the circuit components found in their data sheets. I found that the dark noise should be approximately 15.5 nV/rtHz. The measured dark noise values are 18.35 nV/rtHz and 98.5 nV/rtHz for POX and POY respectively. The shot noise plots on the wiki have been updated to show these calculated dark noise sources.

The measured dark noise for POY is too high. I will look into the cause of this large noise. It is possible that the shot noise measurement for POY was bad so I will start by redoing the measurement.

4358   Fri Feb 25 14:35:06 2011 Larisa ThorneUpdateElectronicsTotal harmonic distortion results for +7dBm mixer

This experiment deals with measuring the total harmonic distortion (THD) contribution of mixers in a circuit.

(a circuit diagram is attached) where:

Mixer: ZFM-3-S+ at +7dBm

Attenuator: VAT-7+, at +7dB

Low-pass filter: SLP-1.9+, which is set to DC-1.9MHz

The total harmonic distortion can be calculated by the equation:

$\mbox{THD} = \frac{V_2^2 + V_3^2 + V_4^2 + \cdots + V_\infty^2}{V_1^2}$

where Vn represents the voltage of the signal at a certain harmonic n.

In this experiment, only the voltages of the first three harmonics were measured, with the first harmonic at 400Hz, the second at 800Hz, and the third at 1.2kHz. The corresponding voltages were read off the spectrum analyzer after it had time averaged 16 measurements. (picture of the general shape of the spectrum analyzer output is attached)

(results for this mixer's particular configuration are on the pdf attached)

There really isn't that much correlation between the modulations and the resulting THD.

We won't know how good these numbers are until more experiments on other mixers are done, so they can be compared. Since the rest of the mixers are relatively high levels (+17dBm, +23dBm in comparison to this experiment's +7dBm), an RF amplifier will need to be hooked up first to do any further measurements.

Attachment 1: THDcircuit.jpg
Attachment 2: Photo_on_2011-01-17_at_12.25.png
Attachment 3: THDwithoutamp.pdf
4370   Wed Mar 2 22:04:22 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsPOY Shot Noise Measurement

The previous measurement for the shot noise of POY had the dark noise at ~100 nV/rtHz. I redid the measurement and got 26 nV/rtHz for the dark noise. I think that when I made the previous measurement, the spectrum analyzer had automatically added some attenuation to the input that I failed to remove. This added attenuation raised the noise floor of the measurement making the dark noise of POY appear larger than it is.

The updated measurement can be found on the wiki at http://lhocds.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/POY.

4374   Thu Mar 3 18:32:33 2011 Larisa ThorneUpdateElectronicsHarmonic distortion calculations for RF distribution box

Finished calculations for harmonic distortion at each of the 10 outputs of the RF distribution box. The diagram can be found on Suresh's post  http://nodus.ligo.caltech.edu:8080/40m/4342

THD calculation consisted of gather data on the dBm at harmonics of the fundamental frequency. These dBm values were converted into units of power and plugged into the appropriate THD equation pulled from Wikipedia: $\mbox{THD} = \frac{P_2 + P_3 + P_4 + \cdots + P_\infty}{P_1} = \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{n=2}^\infty P_n}{P_1}$

On the table, the number 1-6 correspond to the harmonic number of the input frequency used. For example, the first five PD's listed used an 11MHz source, while the second set of five PD's listed used a 55MHz source. Values listed under certain harmonics are dBm measurements at the corresponding frequency. The P-subscript values are essentially the dBm measurements converted to units of power (Watts) for ease of calculation in the equation above. THD is then calculated using these power units; I have converted the ratios to percentages.

It should be noted that as with all THD calculations, the more data points collected, the more precise the THD % will be.

By the way, the outputs on the physical RF distribution box for REFL165 and AS165 are actually labeled as REFL166 and AS166.

Attachment 1: RFdistribboxcalcs.pdf
4377   Fri Mar 4 09:47:46 2011 SureshUpdateElectronicsHarmonic distortion calculations for RF distribution box

Fast work indeed! It would be nice if we could have the following details filled in as well
a) A short title and caption for the table, saying what we are measuring
b) the units in which this physical quantity is being measured.

It is good to keep in mind that people from other parts of the group, who are not directly involved in this work, may also read this elog.

4395   Thu Mar 10 01:31:37 2011 KevinUpdateElectronicsAS55 Characterizations

I measured the transfer function, shot noise, and dark spectrum of AS55.

From the shot noise measurement, the RF transimpedance is (556.3 +- 0.8) Ohms and the dark current is (2.39 +- 0.01) mA. The dark noise agrees with the approximate value calculated from the circuit components.

There are no anomalous oscillations when there is no light on the photodiode. I am working on fitting the transfer function in LISO but the other plots are on the wiki at http://blue.ligo-wa.caltech.edu:8000/40m/Electronics/AS55

4402   Thu Mar 10 17:03:48 2011 Larisa ThorneConfigurationElectronicscalculations for passive low pass filter on X arm

[Kiwamu, Larisa]

We want to increase gain in the lower frequencies, so a circuit must be designed (a passive low pass filter).

First, measurements were taken at the X arm for impedance and capacitance, which were 104.5kOhms and 84.7pF respectively. Kiwamu decided to make the circuit resemble a voltage divider for ease of calculation, such that Vout/Vin would be a ratio of some values of the equivalent circuit reactance values. After a few algebra mistakes, this Vout/Vin value was simplified in terms of the R, C measured and the R', C' that would be needed to complete the circuit.

Since the measured C was very small and the measure R was fairly high, the simplified form allowed us to pick values of R' and C' that would make the critical frequency occur at 0.1Hz: set the R' resistance to 1MOhm and C' capacitance to 10uF, which would yield a gain ~1.

With these values a circuit we can start actually making the circuit.

ELOG V3.1.3-